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Μάθημα 8: Properties of definite integrals- Negative definite integrals
- Finding definite integrals using area formulas
- Finding definite integrals using area formulas
- Definite integral over a single point
- Integrating scaled version of function
- Switching bounds of definite integral
- Integrating sums of functions
- Worked examples: Finding definite integrals using algebraic properties
- Εύρεση ορισμένου ολοκληρώματος χρησιμοποιώντας αλγεβρικές εκφράσεις
- Definite integrals on adjacent intervals
- Worked example: Breaking up the integral's interval
- Worked example: Merging definite integrals over adjacent intervals
- Ορισμένα ολοκληρώματα σε διπλανά διαστήματα
- Functions defined by integrals: switched interval
- Finding derivative with fundamental theorem of calculus: x is on lower bound
- Finding derivative with fundamental theorem of calculus: x is on both bounds
- Functions defined by integrals: challenge problem
- Επανεξέταση ιδιοτήτων ορισμένων ολοκληρωμάτων
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Integrating sums of functions
If you know the integrals of two functions, what is the integral of their sum?
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- So we have a couple of functions here. This is the graph of y is equal to f of x. This is the graph of y is equal to g of x. And we already know something. Or we know ways to represent the area under the curve y equals f of x. Between these two points x is equal to a, and x is equal to b. So this area, right over here, between the curve and the x axis, between x equals a and x equals b, we know we can write that
as the definite integral, from a to b, of f of x, dx. And we can do the same thing over here. We could call this area, let me pick a color that I have not used. Well, this is slightly different green. I could call this area right over here, the area right under the
curve y is equal to g of x. And above the positive x axis, between x equals a and x equals b, we could call that the definite integral. From a to b of g of x, dx. Now given these two things, let's actually think about
the area under the curve of the function created by the
sum of these two functions. So what do I mean by that? So let me, this is
actually a fun thing to do. Let me start again. That's exactly what we have over here. This is the graph of y is equal to f of x. But what I want to do,
is I want to approximate the graph of y is equal
to, so my goal is to graph y is equal to f of x, plus g of x. So for any given x,
it's going to be f of x. So that's that the f of x. And then I'm gonna add the g of x to it. So what will that look like? So that's gonna look like, let's see. When x is zero, g of x looks like it's about that length right there. I'm obviously approximating it. So I'm gonna have to add
that length right over here. So it'll probably be right around there. At x equals a, it's a little bit more. And so but now my f of x curve
is gone, or has increased. But I take that same distance above it. If I add the g of x there, it gets me right about there. Once again I'm just eyeballing it, trying to get an approximation, giving me an intuition actually
for f of x, plus g of x is. I'm just trying to add g of x for given x. Now let's see if I'm a little bit, let's say that I'm between a and b, g of x is about that
distance right over there. So, if I wanted to put that
same distance right over here, it gets me right about there. And then when x is equal to
b, g of x is about that big, so I have to add that
length, which is about, looks something like that. That actually looks a little bit too much. Maybe something like that. So, if I were to add
the two, I'd get a curve that looks something like this. And maybe it just keeps on
going higher and higher. So, this is the curve. Or it's a pretty good
approximation of the curve of f of x plus g of x. Now an interesting question
is, is what would be well, you know how we
can represent this area. So the area under the
curve f of x plus g of x, above the positive x axis, between x equals a and x equals b, we know we can represent that as, let me see, I have not used pink, yet. So, this area right over here, we know that that could be represented as the definite integral, from a to b of f of x, plus g of x, dx. Now the question is, how does this thing relate to d, or how does this area relate to these areas right over here? Well the important thing to realize is this area that we have in yellow, that's going to be this
area, right over here. That one's pretty clear. But how does this area in green
relate to this area there? And to think about that, we just have to think about
well what does an integral mean? What does it represent? We've already thought about these like these really small rectangles. And we're taking the
sum of the limit of an infinite number of these
infinitely thin rectangles. But when we're thinking
about Riemann sums, we're thinking about okay
we have some change in x, and then you multiply it
times essentially the height, which is going to be the value of the function at that point. Well over here, you could
have the same change in x. You can have the exact same change in x. And what is the height right over here? Well, that's going to be this
exact height right over here. You saw that when we constructed it. This is going to be the
g of x at that value. So even though the
rectangles look like they're kinda shifted around a little bit, and they're actually all
shifted up by the f of x, the heights of these rectangles that I'm drawing right over here, are exactly the same thing as the heights of the rectangles that
I'm drawing over here. They, once again, they're
all just shifted up and down by this f of x function. But these are the exact same rectangles. And they have the exact same heights. And the limit as you get
more and more of these by making them thinner and thinner, is gonna be the same
as the limit as you get more and more of these as
you get thinner and thinner. And so this area right over here, and I'm obviously not
doing a rigorous proof, I'm giving you the intuition for it, is the exact same thing as
this area right over here. So the area under this curve, the definite integral from a
to b of f of x plus g of x, dx, is just going to be the sum of
these two definite integrals. And you might say, "Oh this is obvious". Or maybe it's not so obvious. But when is this actually useful? Well, as you later actually learn to evaluate these integrals, you'll see that one of
the most powerful ideas is being able to decompose
them in this way. To say, okay, if I'm taking
the definite integral from zero to one of x squared, plus sine of x, which you may or may not
have learned to do so far, you can at least start to break this down. You can say okay, well this
is going to be the same thing as the integral from
zero to one of x squared, dx, plus the integral from zero
to one of sine of x, dx. And you see this is one
of the most powerful principles of definite
integrals, to make them, when you start to try to compute them, or even sometimes conceptualize
what they're representing.