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Μάθημα 8: Properties of definite integrals- Negative definite integrals
- Finding definite integrals using area formulas
- Finding definite integrals using area formulas
- Definite integral over a single point
- Integrating scaled version of function
- Switching bounds of definite integral
- Integrating sums of functions
- Worked examples: Finding definite integrals using algebraic properties
- Εύρεση ορισμένου ολοκληρώματος χρησιμοποιώντας αλγεβρικές εκφράσεις
- Definite integrals on adjacent intervals
- Worked example: Breaking up the integral's interval
- Worked example: Merging definite integrals over adjacent intervals
- Ορισμένα ολοκληρώματα σε διπλανά διαστήματα
- Functions defined by integrals: switched interval
- Finding derivative with fundamental theorem of calculus: x is on lower bound
- Finding derivative with fundamental theorem of calculus: x is on both bounds
- Functions defined by integrals: challenge problem
- Επανεξέταση ιδιοτήτων ορισμένων ολοκληρωμάτων
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Switching bounds of definite integral
What happens when you swap the bounds on an integral?
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- [Voiceover] We've
already seen one definition of the definite integral, and many of them are closely related to this definition that we've already seen
is the definite integral from a to b of f of x d
of x is this area shaded in blue, and we can approximate it by splitting it into n rectangles. So let's say that's the
first rectangle, one. That's the second
rectangle, two, and you're going to go all the way
to the nth rectangle, so this would be the n
minus oneth rectangle. For the sake of this
argument I'm going to make in this video, we're going to assume that they're all the same width. So this is the nth rectangle. They all have the same
width, and we see they're definitions of integration
where you don't have to have the same width here, but let's say that each of those widths are delta x, and the way that we
calculate delta x is we take b minus a and we divide it by n, which is common sense, or this is what you learned in division. We're just taking this
length and dividing it by n to get n equals spacings of delta x. So if you do this, you'll say, okay, well we see this multiple times, you can approximate it. You can approximate this
area using these rectangles as the sum from i equals one to n. So you're summing n of
these rectangle's areas where the height of
each of these rectangles are going to be f of
x sub i, where x sub i is the point at which
you're taking the function value to find out its height. So that could be x of
one, x of two, x of three, so on and so forth, and
you're multiplying that times your delta x. So you take x sub two, f of x sub two is that height right there. You multiply it times delta x. You get the area. We saw that when we looked at Riemann sums and using that to approximate. We said, hey the one definition
of the definite integral is that since this is
the area this is going to be the limit as n approaches infinity of this where delta x is defined as that. So let me just copy and paste that. So that's one way to think about it. Now, given this definition,
what do you think this, or maybe another
way to think about it, how do you think this
expression that I'm writing right over here based on this definition should relate to this expression? So notice, all I've done
is I've segued from a to b. I'm now going from b to a. How do you think these
two things should relate? I encourage you to look at all of this to come to that conclusion, and pause the video to do so. Well let's just think about
what's going to happen. This is going to be,
if I were to literally just take this and copy
and paste it, which is exactly what I'm going to
do, if I just took this, by definition, since I
swapped these two bounds, I'm going to want to swap these two. Instead of b minus a it's
going to be a minus b now. It's going to be a minus b. This value right over here. Let me make these color-coded maybe. So this orange delta x is
going to be the negative of this green delta x. This is the negative of
that right over there, and everything else is the same. So what am I going to end up doing? Well I'm essentially
going to end up having the negative value of this. So this is going to be
equal to the negative of the integral from a to b of f of x dx. So this is the result
we get, which is another really important integration property, that if you swap the
bounds of integration, and it really just comes from this idea, instead of delta x being
b minus a, if you swap the bounds of integration,
it's going to be a minus b. We're going to get the negative delta x, or the negative of your original delta x, which is going to give you the negative of this original value right over here. Once again, this is a
really, really useful integration property where you're trying to make sense of some integrals and even sometimes solve some of them.